Salmonellosis

Salmonellosis (сальмонеллез, مرض السالمونيلا) is a widespread none epidemic bacterial infection caused by ingesting food contaminated with salmonella bacteria, it is characterized by diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal cramps that arise 12 to 72 hours after infection. In most cases, the disease lasts for about a week (a period of four to seven days), and most patients recover without a medicinal treatment.

Forms
A. Gastrointestinal form:	B. Generalized form:
1. Gastritis 2. Gastroenteritis 3. Gastroenterocolitis	1. with intestinal events 2. without intestinal events: ·         Typhoid like clinical picture ·         Septicopyemia

 

Pathogens Salmonella enteritidis, S. typhimurium, and others

Epidemiology

1- Source of infection – a patient or bacilli carrier, sick animal

2- Mechanism of transmission – fecal-oral route – water, food, and/or contact

Clinical picture

1- Incubation period, from 3 x hours to 3 x days. The disease starts abruptly “acute”.

2- Intoxication syndrome, hyperthermia with temperature rising to 39 – 40 C within 1 – 4 days chills, headache, weakness, decreased blood pressure.

3- Gastrointestinal syndrome, Nausea, vomiting, and frequent stool from 2 to 20 times per day, and may be more, copious, watery, with a greenish tinge, sometimes with mucus. Abdominal pain localized in the epi-mesogaster, the umbilical region (i.e., at the projection site of the small intestines), cramping, can acquire a cutting character.

4- Dehydration syndrome, dry skin and mucous membranes, thirst, decreased skin turgor, retraction of the eyeball, convulsions in the muscles (usually the limbs) may appear with the advent of demineralization, hypotension, tachycardia, tachypnea, oliguria (See “Cholera”).

5- Typhoid like syndrome has a beginning similar to gastrointestinal form, before it acquires features similar to typhoid fever.

6- Septicopyemia variant, etiologically presents as Salmonella septicemia

Complications

Infectious-toxic, dehydration shocks.

Differential diagnosis

Differential diagnosis performed with dysentery, cholera, foodborne diseases, surgical diseases of the abdominal cavity (appendicitis, cholecystitis, intestinal obstruction).

Diagnostics

• Faeces is used as a material for bacteriological examination, in generalized form, blood, and urine are analyzed.
• Serologic methods

Treatment

Etiotropic therapy: not indicated

Pathogenic: rehydration therapy with solutions for enteral rehydration – “Peroral”, ” Оралит “, “Regidron”, ” Глюкосолан”, ” Цитроглюкосолан” in severe dehydration and the inability of oral fluid intake (vomiting) – a rehydration therapy similar to that in cholera is initiated.

Symptomatic treatment: antispasmodics, ferments and probiotics.

In generalized form, Etiotropic therapy is indicated (chloramphenicol, ampicillin, and others.).

Verified by: Dr.Diab (January 7, 2017)

Citation: Dr.Diab. (January 7, 2017). Salmonellosis. Medcoi Journal of Medicine, 10(2). urn:medcoi:article15938.