Increased levels of parathyroid hormone, whether in primary or secondary hyperparathyroidism, disrupt normal calcium metabolism, leading to bone demineralization, hypercalcemia, and associated clinical manifestations. Management of hyperparathyroidism typically involves addressing the underlying cause, surgical removal of abnormal parathyroid tissue (in primary hyperparathyroidism), and medications to regulate calcium and PTH levels… Read More »


Hypoparathyroidism results in a disruption of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis, leading to a range of clinical manifestations, including neuromuscular symptoms, cardiac abnormalities, and bone abnormalities. Management typically involves supplementation with calcium and active vitamin D analogs to maintain adequate calcium levels and minimize symptoms associated with hypocalcemia… Read More »


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