Estrogen plays a crucial role in maintaining calcium homeostasis by regulating calcium absorption, reabsorption, secretion, and bone turnover. Dysfunction or deficiency of estrogen can disrupt these processes, leading to calcium imbalances and associated health complications such as osteoporosis… Read More »


Estrogen exerts pleiotropic effects on osteoblasts through direct and indirect mechanisms, ultimately promoting bone formation and maintenance. Dysfunction or deficiency of estrogen can lead to impaired osteoblast function, contributing to conditions such as osteoporosis and increased fracture risk… Read More »


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